Purpose, Meaning, and Well-Being at Work

The pursuit for finding purpose, meaning, fulfilment, and joy at work has proved to be an important consideration for the employees, the organization, and the society at large. Certain theories have focused on how people experience a calling or spiritual endeavor through a journey of self-transcendence. Various predictors of meaning at work arise from factors including the self, work orientation, task significance, and job crafting. Other predictors may be found in the development of interpersonal relations, while these relationships may have a profound effect on people’s impact at work and their personal well-being. Furthermore, meaning at work may be derived via the organization itself through factors such as its culture, values, purpose, and leadership. Purpose, meaningfulness, joy, and fulfilment at work come high on the agenda of both employers and employees. Overall, employees may be longing to fulfil a purpose concerned with reaching the ultimate level of happiness in a virtuous manner. The emphasis may also extend to the organization in terms of the value that the organization is offering to the society. Employees could then evaluate whether their personal lifelong purpose aligns to that of the organization and whether efforts portrayed in their work contribute toward their wider goals.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Subscribe and save
Springer+ Basic
€32.70 /Month
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
Buy Now
Price includes VAT (France)
eBook EUR 588.49 Price includes VAT (France)
Hardcover Book EUR 632.99 Price includes VAT (France)
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others

Purpose, Meaning, and Wellbeing at Work
Chapter © 2020

Purpose, Meaning, Joy, and Fulfilment at Work
Chapter © 2020

Cultivating Meaningfulness at Work
Chapter © 2013
References
- Ackoff RL (1981) Creating the corporate future: be planned or be planned for. New York: Wiley Google Scholar
- Adler N (1997) International dimensions of organizational behavior, 3rd edn. Kent Publishing, Boston Google Scholar
- Alderfer C (1972) Existence, relatedness, and growth: human needs in organizational settings. Free Press Google Scholar
- Allan B (2017) Task significance and meaningful work: a longitudinal study. J Vocat Behav 102:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.011ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Allan B, Autin K, Duffy R (2014) Examining social class and work meaning within the psychology of working framework. J Career Assess 22(4):543–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514811
- Allan B, Dexter C, Kinsey R, Parker S (2016) Meaningful work and mental health: job satisfaction as a moderator. J Ment Health 27(1):38–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2016.1244718ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Andersson L (1996) Employee cynicism: an examination using a contract violation framework. Hum Relat 49(11):1395–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679604901102ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Arnold K, Turner N, Barling J, Kelloway E, McKee M (2007) Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: the mediating role of meaningful work. J Occup Health Psychol 12(3):193–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.193ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ashforth B (2001) Role transitions in organizational life: an identity-based perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah Google Scholar
- Bailey C, Madden A (2016) What makes work meaningful-or meaningless? MIT-Sloan Management Review 4(57):1–17. Retrieved from http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/61282/Google Scholar
- Bailey C, Madden A, Alfes K, Shantz A, Soane E (2017) The mismanaged soul: existential labor and the erosion of meaningful work. Hum Resour Manag Rev 27(3):416–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.11.001ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Bailey C, Lips-Wiersma M, Madden A, Yeoman R, Thompson M, Chalofsky N (2018) The five paradoxes of meaningful work: introduction to the special issue ‘meaningful work: prospects for the 21st century’. J Manag Stud. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12422
- Bakker A, Schaufeli W, Leiter M, Taris T (2008) Work engagement: an emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress 22(3):187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 84(2):191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Barrick M, Mount M, Li N (2012) The theory of purposeful work behavior: the role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Acad Manag Rev. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.10.0479
- Baumeister R (1991) Work, work, work, work. Meanings of Life. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 116–144 Google Scholar
- Beadle R (2015) Virtue and the case for meaningful work. In: Sison A, Beabout G, Ferrero I (eds) Handbook of virtue ethics in business and management. International handbook in business ethics, vol 1. Springer Science+Business Media, Dodrecht, pp 1–9 Google Scholar
- Beadle R, Knight K (2012) Virtue and meaningful work. Bus Ethics Q 22(02):433–450. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201222219ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Bedarkar M, Pandita D (2014) A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 133:106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Behson S, Eddy E, Lorenzet S (2000) The importance of the critical psychological states in the job characteristics model: a meta-analytic and structural equations modeling examination. Curr Res Soc Psychol 5(12) Google Scholar
- Bellah R, Madsen R, Sullivan W, Swidler A, Tipton S (1985) Habits of the heart: individualism and commitment in American life. University of California Press, Berkeyley/Los Angeles Google Scholar
- Bellavia G, Frone M (2005) In: Barling IJ, Kelloway EK, Frone M (eds) Handbook of work stress. Sage, Thousand Oaks Google Scholar
- Benett J, Weaver J, Senft M, Neeper M (2017) Creating workplace well-being. In: The handbook of stress and health: a guide to research and practice, pp 570–604 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- Bescharov M (2008) Mission goes corporate: understanding employee behavior in a mission-driven business. Phd Thesis Harvard University Google Scholar
- Boverie P, Kroth M (2001) Transforming work: the five keys to achieving trust, commitment, & passion in the workplace, 1st edn. Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar
- Brief A, Nord W (1990) Meanings of occupational work. Lexington Books, Heath, Lexington, u.a. Google Scholar
- Buchholz R (1976) Measurement of beliefs. Hum Relat 29:1177–1188 ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Buchholz R (1978) An empirical study of contemporary beliefs about work in American society. J Appl Psychol 63(2):219–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.63.2.219ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Bunderson J, Thompson J (2009) The call of the wild: zookeepers, callings, and the double-edged sword of deeply meaningful work. Adm Sci Q 54(1):32–57. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2009.54.1.32ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cable D, Edwards J (2004) Complementary and supplementary fit: a theoretical and empirical integration. J Appl Psychol 89(5):822–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.822ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cardador M, Pratt M, Dane E (2006) Do callings matter in medicine? The influence of callings versus careers on domain specific work outcomes. Paper presented at the positive organizational scholarship conference Google Scholar
- Carton A (2017) “I’m not mopping the floors, I’m putting a man on the moon”: how NASA leaders enhanced the meaningfulness of work by changing the meaning of work. Adm Sci Q 63(2): 323–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839217713748ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cartwright S, Holmes N (2006) The meaning of work: the challenge of regaining employee engagement and reducing cynicism. Hum Resour Manag Rev 16(2):199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.012ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Chalofsky N, Krishna V (2009) Meaningfulness, commitment, and engagement: the intersection of a deeper level of intrinsic motivation. Adv Dev Hum Resour 11(2):189–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422309333147ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Csikszentmihalyi M (1982) Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey Bass Google Scholar
- Csikszentmihalyi M (1990) Flow. Harper and Row, New York Google Scholar
- Cunningham C (2014) Religion and spirituality as factors that influence occupational stress and well-being. In: Perrewé PL, Rosen CC, Halbesleben JRB (eds) The role of demographics in occupational stress and well being. Research n occupational stress and well-being, vol 12. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp 135–172, ISBN 978-1-78350-647-7 eISBN: 978-1-78350-646-0 Google Scholar
- Dean D (1961) Alienation: its meaning and measurement. Am Sociol Rev 26(5):753. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090204ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Deci E, Ryan R (2012) Self-determination theory. In: Van Lange PAM, Kruglanski AW, Higgins ET (eds) Handbook of theories of social psychology. Sage Publications, pp 416–436. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n21Google Scholar
- Demerouti E (2006) Job characteristics, flow, and performance: the moderating role of conscientiousness. J Occup Health Psychol 11(3):266–280 ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dik B, Duffy R (2009) Calling and vocation at work: definitions and prospects for research and practice. Couns Psychol 37(3):424–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316430ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dik B, Byrne Z, Steger M (2013) Purpose and meaning in the workplace. APA Books, Washington, DC BookGoogle Scholar
- Dobrow S, Tosti-Kharas J (2011) Calling: the development of a scale measure. Pers Psychol 64(4):1001–1049. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01234.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dodge R, Daly A, Huyton J, Sanders L (2012) The challenge of defining wellbeing. Int J Wellbeing 2(3):222–235. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Douglass R, Duffy R, Autin K (2016) Living a calling, nationality, and life satisfaction. J Career Assess 24(2):253–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072715580324
- Duffy R, Sedlacek W (2007) The presence of and search for a calling: connections to career development. J Vocat Behav 70(3):590–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.03.007ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Duffy R, Allan B, Autin K, Douglass R (2014) Living a calling and work well-being: a longitudinal study. J Couns Psychol 61(4):605–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000042ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Elsbach K (2003) Relating physical environment to self-categorizations: identity threat and affirmation in a non-territorial office space. Adm Sci Q 48(4):622. https://doi.org/10.2307/3556639ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Erez M, Earley P (1993) Culture, self-identity, and work. Oxford University Press, New York BookGoogle Scholar
- Estrada C, Isen A, Young M (1997) Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 72(1): 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2734ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Fagermoen M (1995) The meaning of nurses’ work: a descriptive study of values fundamental to professional identity in nursing. Dissertation, University Of Rhode Island (1995) Google Scholar
- Fagermoen M (1997) Professional identity: values embedded in meaningful nursing practice. J Adv Nurs 25(3):434–441. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025434.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- Feldt T, Kinnunen U, Mauno S (2000) A mediational model of sense of coherence in the work context: a one-year follow-up study. J Organ Behav 21(4):461–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(200006)21:43.0.co;2-tArticleGoogle Scholar
- Fredrickson B (2001) The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol 56(3):218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Fried Y, Ferris G (1987) The validity of the job characteristics model. A meta-analysis. Pers Psychol 40(2):287–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00605.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gecas V (1982) The self-concept. Annu Rev Sociol 8:1–33 ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Geldenhuys M, Łaba K, Venter C (2014) Meaningful work, work engagement and organisational commitment. SA J Ind Psychol 40(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v40i1.1098
- Gergen K, Gergen M (1988) Narrative and the self as relationship. Adv Exp Soc Psychology (21):17–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60223-3
- Goleman D (1998) The emotional intelligence of leaders. Lead Lead 1998(10):20–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.40619981008ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Grant A (2007) Relational job design and the motivation to make a prosocial difference. Acad Manag Rev 32(2):393–417. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24351328ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Grant A (2008) The significance of task significance: job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. J Appl Psychol 93(1):108–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.108ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Greenleaf (2008) Who is the servant leader. Int J Servant-Leadersh 4(1):29–37 Google Scholar
- Hackman J, Oldham G (1976) Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory. Organ Behav Hum Perform 16(2):250–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hackman J, Oldham G (1980) Work redesign. Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading Google Scholar
- Hagmaier T, Abele A (2012) The multidimensionality of calling: conceptualization, measurement and a bicultural perspective. J Vocat Behav 81(1):39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.04.001ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Harris S (1994) Organizational culture and individual Sensemaking: a schema-based perspective. Organ Sci 5(3):309–321. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.3.309ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hernández J, Mateo R (2012) Indications of virtues in conscientiousness and its practice through continuous improvement. Bus Ethics Eur Rev 21(2):140–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01650.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- Herzberg F, Mausner B, Peterson R, Capwell D (1957) Job attitudes: review of research and opinion. Psychological Service of Pittsburg, Pittsburg. Google Scholar
- Hill P, Pargament K (2003) Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: implications for physical and mental health research. Am Psychol 58(1):64–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.64ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hoffmeister K, Gibbons A, Schwatka N, Rosecrance J (2015) Ergonomics climate assessment: a measure of operational performance and employee well-being. Appl Ergon 50:160–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.03.011ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Holbeche L, Springett N (2004) In search of meaning in the workplace. Roffey Park Institute, St. Leonard’s Forest Google Scholar
- Humphrey S, Nahrgang J, Morgeson F (2007) Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: a meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. J Appl Psychol 92(5):1332–1356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1332ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Johnson J, Robinson M, Mitchell E (2004) Inferences about the authentic self: when do actions say more than mental states? J Pers Soc Psychol 87(5):615–630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.615ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Judge T, Piccolo R (2004) Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity. J Appl Psychol 89(5):755–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kahn W (1990) Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Acad Manag J 33(4):692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kalleberg A (1977) Work values and job rewards: a theory of job satisfaction. Am Sociol Rev 42(1):124. https://doi.org/10.2307/2117735ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kamdron T (2005) Work motivation and job satisfaction of Estonian higher officials. Int J Public Adm 28(13–14):1211–1240. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690500241085ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kaufman S (2015) Which character strengths are most predictive of well-being? Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/which-character-strengths-are-most-predictive-of-well-being/
- Lepisto D, Pratt M (2017) Meaningful work as realization and justification. Organ Psychol Rev 7(2):99–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386616630039ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lieff S (2009) Perspective: the missing link in academic career planning and development: pursuit of meaningful and aligned work. Acad Med 84(10):1383–1388. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e3181b6bd54ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lips-Wiersma M (2002) Influence of spirituality ‘meaning-making’ on career behavior. J Manag Dev 21(7):497–520 ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lips-Wiersma M, Morris L (2009) Discriminating between ‘meaningful work’ and the ‘Management of meaning’. J Bus Ethics 88(3):491–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0118-9ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Llorens S, Schaufeli W, Bakker A, Salanova M (2007) Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist? Comput Hum Behav 23(1):825–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.012ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lobene E, Meade A (2013) The effects of career calling and perceived Overqualification on work outcomes for primary and secondary school teachers. J Career Dev 40(6):508–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845313495512ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Locke E, Latham G (1990) A theory of goal setting & task performance. Prentice-Hall Google Scholar
- Locke E, Taylor M (1990) Stress, coping, and the meaning of work. In: Monat A, Lazarus RS (eds) Stress and coping: an anthology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 140–157 Google Scholar
- Lockwood N (2007) Leveraging employee engagement for competitive advantage: HR’s strategic role. Soc Human Resour Manag Q 1(4) Google Scholar
- Louis M (1980) Surprise and sense making: what newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Adm Sci Q 25(2):226. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392453ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lucas Y, Kornhauser A (1966) Mental health of the industrial worker. A Detroit study. Rev Fr Sociol 7(4):552. https://doi.org/10.2307/3319718ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Markus H (1977) Self-schemata and processing information about the self. J Pers Soc Psychol 35(2):63–78 Google Scholar
- Martela F, Pessi A (2018) Significant work is about self-realization and broader purpose: defining the key dimensions of meaningful work. Front Psychol 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00363
- Maslow AH (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychol Rev 50(4):370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Maslow A (1971) The farther reaches of human nature, 1st edn. The Viking Press, New York Google Scholar
- May D, Gilson R, Harter L (2004) The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. J Occup Organ Psychol 77(1): 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McGregor D (1960) The human side of enterprise. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London. pp 310–321 Google Scholar
- Morin E (1995) Organisational effectiveness and the meaning of work. In: Pauchant T (ed) Search of meaning: managing for the health of our organizations, our communities, and the natural world. Jossey Bass, San Francisco, pp 29–64 Google Scholar
- Morse N, Weiss R (1955) The function and meaning of work and the job. Am Sociol Rev 20(2):191. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088325ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M (2014) The concept of flow. In: Flow and the foundations of positive psychology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 239–263 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- Neck C, Milliman J (1994) Thought self-leadership. J Manag Psychol 9(6):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683949410070151ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Nicholson J (1991) The relationship between cultural values, work beliefs, and attitudes toward socioeconomic issues: a cross-cultural study. Tallahassee, Florida, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation: The Florida State University Google Scholar
- Nord W, Brief A, Doherty E (1990) Meanings of occupational work. Lexington Books, Lexington Google Scholar
- Overell S (2008) Inwardness: the rise of meaningful work. Provocation series, 2nd edn. The Work Foundation, London Google Scholar
- Parker S, Wall T (1998) Job and work design. Sage, London Google Scholar
- Paul JP, Robertson KB, Herzberg F (1969) Job enrichment pays off. Harv Bus Rev 47(2):61–78 Google Scholar
- Podolny J, Khurana R, Hill-Popper M (2005) Revisiting the meaning of leadership. Res Organ Behav 26:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-3085(04)26001-4ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Pratt M, Ashford B (2003) In: Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (eds) Positive organisational scholarship. Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco Google Scholar
- Pratt M, Pradies C, Lepisto D (2013) Doing well, doing good, and doing with: organizational practices for effectively cultivating meaningful work. In: Dik BJ, Byrne ZS, Steger MF (eds) Purpose and meaning in the workplace. APA books, Washington, DC, pp 173–191 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- Raub S, Blunschi S (2013) The power of meaningful work: How Awareness of CSR Initiatives Fosters Task Significance and Positive Work Outcomes in Service Employees. Cornell Hosp Q 55(1):10–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965513498300
- Robbins A, Wilner A (2001) Quarterlife crisis. MJF Books, New York Google Scholar
- Roberson L (1990) Functions of work meanings in organisations: work meanings and work motivation. cited in Meanings of occupational work, Lexington Books, Lexington, pp 107–134 Google Scholar
- Robertson-Smith G, Markwick C (2009) Employee engagement a review of current thinking. Retrieved from https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/469.pdf
- Rogers C (1961) On becoming a person: a psychotherapists view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin Google Scholar
- Rokeach M (1966) The open and closed mind, etc. Basic Books, New York Google Scholar
- Rokeach M (1973) The nature of human values. Free Press, New York Google Scholar
- Ros M, Schwartz S, Surkiss S (1999) Basic individual values, work values, and the meaning of work. Appl Psychol 48(1):49–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00048.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- Rosenberg M (1979) Disposition concept in behavioural science, Chapter 18. In: Qualitative & quantitative social research. pp 245–260 Google Scholar
- Rosso B, Dekas K, Wrzesniewski A (2010) On the meaning of work: a theoretical integration and review. Res Organ Behav 30:91–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Rothbard N (2001) Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Adm Sci Q 46(4):655. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094827ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Russo M (2015) Work–home enrichment and health: an analysis of the mediating role of persistence in goal striving and vulnerability to stress. Int J Hum Resour Manag 26(19): 2486–2502. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.1003085ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ryan R, Deci E (2001) On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and Eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol 52(1):141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ryff C (1989) Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 57(6):1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ryff CD (2013) Eudaimonic well-being and health: mapping consequences of self-realization. In Waterman AS (ed) The best within us: positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonia. American Psychological Association, pp 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/14092-005
- Schaufeli W, Taris T, Le Blanc P, Peeters M, Bakker A, De Jonge J (2001) Maakt arbeid gezond? Op zoek naar de bevlogen werknemer [Does work make me happy? In search of the engaged worker]. De Psycholoog 36:422–428 Google Scholar
- Schaufeli W, Salanova M, Gonzalez-Roma V, Bakker A (2002) The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analysis. J Happiness Stud 3:71–92 ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Schaufeli W, Bakker A (2010) Work engagement: a handbook of essential theory and research. In Bakker A, Leiter M (eds) Defining and measuring work engagement: bridging clarity to the concept. Psychology Press, Hove/New York, pp 10–24 Google Scholar
- Schenkler B (1985) Introduction: foundations of the self in social life. In: Schenkler BR (ed) The self in social life. McGraw Hill, New York Google Scholar
- Schlegel R, Hicks J, Arndt J, King L (2009) Thine own self: true self-concept accessibility and meaning in life. J Pers Soc Psychol 96(2):473–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014060ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Schneider S, Oppegaard K, Zollo M, Huy Q (2005) Socially responsible behaviour: developing virtue in organizations. Working paper series. Centre for The Management of Environmental and Social Responsibility, pp 1–54 Google Scholar
- Schnell T, Höge T, Pollet E (2013) Predicting meaning in work: theory, data, implications. J Posit Psychol 8(6):543–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830763ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Scroggins W (2008) Antecedents and outcomes of experienced meaningful work: a person-job fit perspective. J Bus Inquiry 7:68–78 Google Scholar
- Seeman M (1967) On the personal consequences of alienation in work. Am Sociol Rev 32(2):273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2091817ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Seligman M (2002) Authentic happiness. Free Press, New York Google Scholar
- Shamir B (1991) Meaning, self and motivation in organizations. Organ Stud 12(3):405–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069101200304ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Sparks J, Schenk J (2001) Explaining the effects of transformational leadership: an investigation of the effects of higher-order motives in multilevel marketing organizations. J Organ Behav 22(8):849–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.116ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Starbuck W, Miliken F (1988) Executives’ perceptual filters: what they notice and how they make sense. In: Hambrick D (ed) The executive effect: concepts and methods for studying top managers. JAI Press, Greenwich, pp 35–65 Google Scholar
- Steger (2012) Making meaning in life. Psychol Inq 23:381–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.720832
- Steger M (2017) Chapter 5, Creating meaning and purpose at work. In: The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of positivity and strengths-based approaches at work, 1st edn. Wiley, pp 61–81. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Steger/publication/310598648_Creating_Meaning_and_Purpose_at_Work/links/59e50fc2aca272390ed640e5/Creating-Meaning-and-Purpose-at-Work.pdf
- Steger M, Dik B (2010) Work as meaning: individual and organizational benefits of engaging in meaningful work, Chapter 11. In: Individual and organizational benefits of meaningful work. Linley. pp 131–142 Google Scholar
- Steger M, Pickering N, Shin J, Dik B (2010) Calling in work. J Career Assess 18(1):82–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072709350905ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Steger M, Dik B, Duffy R (2012) Measuring meaningful work. J Career Assess 20(3):322–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711436160ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Šverko B, Vidovic V (1995) Studies of the meaning of work: Approaches, models and some of the findings. In: Super DE, Sverko B (eds) Super., Life roles, values and careers, 1995 – Jossey-Bass. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers Google Scholar
- Swann WB Jr (1983) Self-verification: bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In Suls J, Greenwald AG (eds) Psychological perspectives on the self. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 33–66 Google Scholar
- Taghipour A, Dezfuli Z (2013) Designing and testing a model of antecedents of work engagement. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 84:149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.526ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Tims M, Derks D, Bakker A (2016) Job crafting and its relationships with person–job fit and meaningfulness: a three-wave study. J Vocat Behav 92:44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.11.007ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Tummers L, Knies E (2013) Leadership and meaningful work in the public sector. Public Adm Rev 73(6):859–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12138ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Turban D, Yan W (2016) Relationship of eudaimonia and hedonia with work outcomes. J Manag Psychol 31(6):1006–1020. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-07-2015-0271ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Vlachos P, Panagopoulos N, Rapp A (2013) Feeling good by doing good: employee CSR-induced attributions, job satisfaction, and the role of charismatic leadership. J Bus Ethics 118(3): 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1590-1ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Weick K (1995) Sensemaking in organizations, foundations in organisational science. Sage, Thousand Oaks/London/New Delhi Google Scholar
- Wieseke J, Ahearne M, Lam S, van Dick R (2009) The role of leaders in internal marketing. J Market 73(2):123–145. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.2.123ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wrzesniewski A (1999) Jobs, careers, and callings: work orientation and job transitions. Phd Thesis University Of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School Of Graduate Studies Google Scholar
- Wrzesniewski A (2003) Chapter 19: finding positive meaning in work. In: Cameron K, Dutton J (eds) Positive organizational scholarship: foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp 296–308 Google Scholar
- Wrzesniewski A, Dutton J (2001) Crafting a job: revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Acad Manag Rev 26(2):179. https://doi.org/10.2307/259118ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wrzesniewski A, McCauley C, Rozin P, Schwartz B (1997) Jobs, careers, and callings: people’s relations to their work. J Res Pers 31(1):21–33. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2162ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wrzesniewski A, Dutton J, Debebe G (2003) Interpersonal sensemaking and the meaning of work. Res Organ Behav 25:93–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-3085(03)25003-6ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Yeoman R (2014) Conceptualising meaningful work as a fundamental human need. J Bus Ethics 125(2):235–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1894-9ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Zohar D, Marshall I (2001) SQ. Bloomsbury, New York Google Scholar
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
- University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Effie Savvides & Eleni Stavrou
- Effie Savvides